► 副助詞
か [か] meaning: or rank: 1
☆ 成功か否かは未だはっきりしない ⇨ It is still unclear whether it is a success or not
☆ 行くか行かないか、未だ決めていない ⇨ I haven’t decided yet whether I will go or won’t go
☆ 彼の言う事は嘘だか本当だか良く分からない ⇨ I’m not sure what he says is a lie or truth (☛ “嘘だか本当だか” is the same with “嘘か本当か”, but the former is more colloquial)
でも [(1)でも] [だ＋も] meaning: or rank: 1
☆ コーラでもペプシでもいい ⇨ It’s OK if it’s Coke or it’s Pepsi. Either will do
とか [(1)とか] [coll] meaning: or rank: 1
☆ 彼女はこれは派手過ぎるとかあれは地味過ぎるとか言って、何時までたっても決められない ⇨ She can never decide saying this one is too flashy or that one is too plain
や [や] [liter] meaning: or rank: 1
☆ それは欧州や米国では一般的ではない ⇨ That is not common in Europe or US
☆ 私は美食や酒には興味がない ⇨ I am not interested in gourmet food or alcohol
でも [(1)でも] [でも何でも] [だ＋も] meaning: or rank: 2
☆ 彼等が成功したのは不思議でも何でもない ⇨ It is not strange at all that they succeeded
☆ 死ぬでも何でも好きにすればいい ⇨ Do as you like, whether kill yourself or whatever it is
なり [なり] [～なり～なり] [liter] meaning: or rank: 2
☆ 受け入れるなり断るなりはっきりするべきだ ⇨ You should make it clear, either you accept or decline
☆ 少なくとも助けを呼ぶなり何なり出来た筈だ ⇨ You could at least do something like call for help or whatever
だの [(1)だの] [coll] meaning: or rank: 3
☆ 彼は体調が悪いだの仕事が旨く行かないだの何だのと文句が多い ⇨ He complains a lot saying not feeling well, work is not going well or whatever (☛ Enumerates someone’s comments, especially while implying the speaker’s annoyance)
► 接続助詞
が [が] meaning: or rank: 2
☆ あいつの気に入ろうが入るまいが関係無い ⇨ It doesn’t matter whether he likes it or not
たり [(1)たり] meaning: or rank: 2
☆ このところ急に暑くなったり急に寒くなったりする ⇨ Recently suddenly it gets hod and then suddenly it gets cold
☆ 彼女は部屋の中を行ったり来たりしている ⇨ She is going and coming, pacing around, in the room
ば [ば] [～ば～も] [liter] meaning: or rank: 2
☆ コロナは何の症状も無いこともあれば死ぬこともある ⇨ With COVID you could have symptom or you could die
☆ 入れ墨は好きな人もいれば嫌いな人もいる ⇨ People love or hate tattoos
や [や] [や否や] [liter] meaning: or rank: 3
☆ 男は警官を見るや否や逃げ出した ⇨ The man saw the cop and started running away
► 格助詞
の [の] meaning: or rank: 3
☆ 彼等はそう言ったの言わなかったのと言い争っている ⇨ They are arguing they said so, they didn’t say so, he said she said (☛ Juxtaposes two opposite opinions, especially while implying the speaker thinks neither is convincing)
► 成句
にしろ [にしろ] meaning: or rank: 3
☆ 行くにしろ行かないにしろ、早く決めてよ ⇨ Whether you go or not, make up your mind soon
にせよ [(2)にせよ] [liter] meaning: or rank: 3
☆ スポーツにせよ芸能にせよ、世界一になるのは難しい ⇨ Whether in sports or in arts, it is difficult to be the world’s best
► 接続詞
又は [(2)またわ] [liter] meaning: or rank: 1
☆ お申込みは支店、又はウェブサイトで行うことが出来ます ⇨ The application can be done at a branch, or on our website
或いは [(2)あるいわ] [liter] meaning: or rank: 2
☆ 運転免許証或いはパスポートの提示が必要です ⇨ You need to present your driver’s license or passport
それとも [(3)それとも] [coll] meaning: or rank: 2
☆ 今やる？それとも明日にする？ ⇨ Are we going to do it now? Or do it tomorrow?
若しくは [(1)もしくわ] [liter] meaning: or rank: 3
☆ 運転免許証若しくは学生証を提示のこと ⇨ You must present your driver’s license or student ID card