► 副詞
何でも [(1)なんでも] [coll] meaning: indirect speech rank: 4
☆ 何でも社長が倒れたということです ⇨ According to what I heard, the CEO fell ill and collapsed (☛ Used when you give someone secondhand information)
► 格助詞
て [て] [coll] meaning: indirect speech rank: 1
☆ お母さんがこれで十分だって言ってたよ ⇨ Mom said this is enough
☆ どう思うって聞かれても答えようが無い ⇨ I don’t know how to answer even if someone asks me what I think
☆ 何て言っているのか良く解らない ⇨ I don’t really understand what it is saying
☆ 彼は何て言った？ ⇨ What did he say?
☆ 彼は後で電話するって言ってたよ ⇨ He said he would call you later
☆ 心配するなって言われても心配してしまう ⇨ I can’t help worrying about it even if I’m told not to
と [と] [liter] meaning: indirect speech rank: 1
☆ 彼女は「きゃー」と叫んだ ⇨ She screamed “ahhhhhh”
☆ 彼女は来ないと言った ⇨ She said she was not coming
☆ 私は才能が無いと言われた ⇨ I was told that I didn’t have the talent
► 終助詞
て [て] [coll] [peer] meaning: indirect speech rank: 1
☆ うるさいって！ ⇨ I said shut your mouth!
☆ そうじゃないって！ ⇨ I said it’s not so!
☆ 今何て？ ⇨ What did you (just say)?
☆ 今行くってば！ ⇨ I said I was coming right away!
☆ 新しい車買ったんだって？ ⇨ I heard you got a new car, right?
☆ 諦めろって ⇨ I told you to forget it
☆ 牛乳は売り切れだって ⇨ I was told milk had been sold out (☛ Note っ will be inserted between 売り切れだ and て to make it easier to pronounce)
たら [(1)たら] [と言ったら] [coll] [peer] meaning: indirect speech rank: 2
☆ うるさいったら！ ⇨ I said you were making too much noise! (☛ Repeat one’s previous command or complaint)
☆ 早くしろったら！ ⇨ I said hurry up! (☛ Repeat one’s previous command or complaint)
☆ 駄目だったら！ ⇨ I said no! (☛ Repeat one’s previous command or complaint)
て [て] [coll] [peer] meaning: indirect speech rank: 2
☆ ちょっと待ってって ⇨ He, she, said “give me a minute”. He, she, told us to wait a minute (☛ Note っ will be inserted between 待って and て to make it easier to pronounce. Also note the difference with 待ってて which is an abbreviation of 待っていて (= please keep waiting))
てば [てば] [coll] [peer] meaning: indirect speech rank: 2
☆ 大丈夫だってば！ ⇨ Like I’ve been saying, it’s gonna be OK!
☆ 本当だってば！ ⇨ I’m really telling you the truth!
☆ 止めろってば！ ⇨ I said cut it out!
☆ 駄目だってば！ ⇨ I said no!
と [と] [coll] [男] meaning: indirect speech rank: 2
☆ それで何と？ ⇨ What did he/she/they/you say then?
と [と] [coll] [contempt] [男] meaning: indirect speech rank: 2
☆ 何だと？ ⇨ What did you just say?
► 助動詞
そうだ [(1)そうだ] meaning: indirect speech rank: 1
☆ 彼は少し遅れるそうです ⇨ He told me he would be a little late
☆ 明日は雪だそうだ ⇨ They are saying it will snow tomorrow
☆ 首相が辞任したそうです ⇨ I heard the prime minister had resigned (☛ Indicates it is second-hand information)
らしい [(2)らしい] meaning: indirect speech rank: 1
☆ あそこのラーメンは美味いらしい ⇨ I heard their ramens are pretty good (☛ Low in certainty)
☆ 彼は来れないらしい ⇨ I heard he won’t make it (☛ Low in certainty)
☆ 彼女は病気らしい ⇨ I heard she has been sick (☛ Low in certainty)
► 成句
事 [(2)こと] [という事] meaning: indirect speech rank: 2
☆ 会議は延期になったという事です ⇨ I was told that the meeting had been postponed
☆ 彼は来れないという事だ ⇨ I heard he was not coming
つう [つう] [と＋いう] [coll] [peer] [男] meaning: indirect speech rank: 4
☆ そんな事しちゃ駄目だっつうの！ ⇨ I told you that you cannot do that!