► 格助詞
に [に] meaning: adverbialize rank: 1
☆ よく考えずに決めるのは良くない ⇨ It is not good to decide without thinking carefully
☆ 実際にやったことはない ⇨ I’ve never actually done it
☆ 疲れているので今日は早めに寝る ⇨ I’m tired so I go to be early today
☆ 計画が思った通りに進んでいない ⇨ The plan isn’t going as envisioned
に [に] meaning: as rank: 1
☆ お土産に買った首飾り ⇨ A necklace bought as a souvenir
☆ 試しに買ったソースは美味しくなかった ⇨ The sauce I bought as a test was not very good
☆ 雛形に使った文書 ⇨ The document used as a template
に [に] meaning: at rank: 1
☆ 僕は普通六時に起きる ⇨ I usually wake up at 6
☆ 彼の言葉が心に残った ⇨ His words remained in my heart
☆ 彼女は鍵を机の上に置いた ⇨ She put her keys on (top of) the desk
☆ 憂鬱な時にこの曲を聴くと気分が良くなる ⇨ I listen to this song when depressed and I feel better
☆ 私は走る前に柔軟体操をする ⇨ I do stretching before I run
☆ 胸に痛みを感じた ⇨ I felt pain in the chest
☆ 試合は三時に始まる ⇨ The game starts at 3
☆ 鳥が枝に留まっている ⇨ A bird is on a branch
に [に] meaning: by rank: 1
☆ 彼は彼女に振られてしまった ⇨ He got dumped by her (☛ Passive agent)
☆ 彼は癌に冒された ⇨ He is afflicted by cancer (☛ Passive agent)
☆ 彼は秘密警察に連れて行かれた ⇨ He was taken away by the secret police (☛ Passive agent)
☆ 彼は車に跳ねられた ⇨ He got hit by a car (☛ Passive agent)
☆ 母にもらった指輪 ⇨ The ring given to me by my mom. The ring my mom gave me (☛ Passive agent)
☆ 母に教わった料理 ⇨ The recipe taught by my mom (☛ Passive agent)
☆ 犬に噛まれた ⇨ I got bitten by a dog (☛ Passive agent)
☆ 親父にどやされた ⇨ I got yelled at by my dad (☛ Passive agent)
に [に] meaning: destination rank: 1
☆ 彼はデータをコンピューターに入力した ⇨ He entered the data into the computer
☆ 彼は車に乗り込んだ ⇨ He got inside the car
☆ 彼女は家に帰った ⇨ She headed home
☆ 明日歯医者に行かなくてはいけない ⇨ I have to go to the dentist tomorrow
☆ 矢は的に命中した ⇨ The arrow hit the target
☆ 私は違った結論に達した ⇨ I reached a different conclusion
☆ 私は靴を箱に入れた ⇨ I put the shoes in the box
☆ 私達は電車に乗った ⇨ We got on a train
☆ 飛行機は東京に着いた ⇨ The plane reached, arrived at, Tokyo
に [に] meaning: for rank: 1
☆ この自転車は悪路に向いている ⇨ This bicycle is suitable for rough roads
☆ 彼は家来を使いに遣った ⇨ He sent his servant as a messenger
☆ 彼は癌のために死んだ ⇨ He died (for the reason) of cancer
☆ 彼女は医者になるために勉強している ⇨ She is studying for the goal of becoming a doctor
☆ 登山に必要な装備 ⇨ The equipment necessary for mountain climbing
☆ 私は家族のために働いている ⇨ I work for (the benefit of) my family
☆ 大統領は彼を大使に任命した ⇨ The president assigned him as the ambassador (☛ For a position, qualification)
☆ 彼は大統領に立候補した ⇨ He ran for the president (☛ For a position, qualification)
に [に] [には] [に＋は] meaning: for rank: 1
☆ そのドレスは仕事には派手過ぎる ⇨ That dress is too flashy for work (if not for other occasions)
☆ それは子供には無理だ ⇨ That is too difficult for children (if not for adults)
☆ 手を洗うのが病気の予防には一番有効だ ⇨ Washing hands is most effective for disease prevention
☆ 私がそうしたのには理由がある ⇨ There is a reason (for that) I did so
に [に] meaning: in rank: 1
☆ 彼は米国に住んでいる ⇨ He is living in US
☆ 彼は自分に自信が無い ⇨ He doesn’t have confidence in himself
☆ 彼女は絵画に関心が有る ⇨ She is interested in painting
☆ 私は普通朝に運動する ⇨ I usually work out in the morning
に [に] meaning: in order to rank: 1
☆ 彼はパンを買いに行った ⇨ He went out to get some bread (☛ Used only before verbs of motion like 行く, 来る)
☆ 彼は彼女に会いに来た ⇨ He came to see her (☛ Used only before verbs of motion like 行く, 来る)
に [に] meaning: object indirect rank: 1
☆ 彼がいないのに気が付かなかった ⇨ I didn’t notice that he was absent
☆ 彼の作品は想像力に欠ける ⇨ His work is lacking in imagination
☆ 彼は試合に負けてしまった ⇨ He ended up losing in the game
☆ 彼女は母親に似ている ⇨ She looks after her mother
☆ 彼女は試験に合格した ⇨ She got the passing marks in the exam
☆ 締切りに間に合わなかった ⇨ I was not in time for, didn’t make, the deadline
☆ 誰もそれを言わなかった事に彼は腹を立てた ⇨ He got angry that nobody had told him about it
に [に] meaning: per rank: 1
☆ オリンピックは四年に一度開かれる ⇨ The Olympics are held once every four years
☆ 彼はお金を一度に全部使ってしまった ⇨ He used all the money in one go
☆ 私は一日に三度歯を磨く ⇨ I brush my teeth three times a day
☆ 私は週に三回走る ⇨ I run three times a week
に [に] meaning: result rank: 1
☆ もうすぐ夏になる ⇨ It will be summer soon
☆ 今日はこれまでにしよう ⇨ Let’s end here for today
☆ 信号が青に変わった ⇨ The traffic signal changed to blue, green
☆ 全ての努力は無駄になった ⇨ All the efforts became wasted
☆ 彼は無理をし過ぎて病気になった ⇨ He worked to hard and became sick
☆ 彼女は世界チャンピオンになった ⇨ She became a world champion
に [に] [には] [に＋は] meaning: result rank: 1
☆ 彼の事は嫌いではないが、好きには絶対ならない ⇨ I don’t dislike him, but I would never get to like him
に [に] meaning: subject rank: 1
☆ あいつに分かって堪るか ⇨ There is no way he could understand it (☛ Only with can-do verbs)
☆ それを子供にも分かるように説明するのは難しい ⇨ It is difficult to explain it so that even children can understand (☛ Only with can-do verbs)
☆ 彼に出来るのなら私にも出来る ⇨ If he can do it, the I can do it too (☛ Only with can-do verbs)
☆ 先生に私の料理を試して頂きたい ⇨ I’d like the master to try out my food (☛ With do-for-me verbs in a sub-clause)
☆ 同僚に仕事を替わってもらった ⇨ I had my co-worker substitute for me. (☛ With do-for-me verbs in a sub-clause)
☆ 彼にこの責任は取ってもらう ⇨ We will have him take the responsibility for this (☛ With do-for-me verbs in a sub-clause)
に [に] [には] [に＋は] meaning: subject rank: 1
☆ 犬には聞こえるが人間には聞こえない音 ⇨ Sound dogs can hear but humans can’t (☛ Only with can-do verbs)
に [に] meaning: to rank: 1
☆ この仕事は彼に任せる ⇨ I assign this work to him
☆ この情報は未だ一般に公開されていない ⇨ This information has been open to the public yet
☆ これを彼女に渡して下さい ⇨ Please give this to her
☆ 富士山が右手に見える ⇨ You can see Mt Fuji on the right side
☆ 彼にそれを言うのを忘れた ⇨ I forgot to tell that to him
☆ 彼はボールを上に投げた ⇨ He threw the ball upward
☆ 次の交差点を左に曲がって下さい ⇨ Please turn left at the next intersection
☆ 私は彼に電話した ⇨ I called him by phone
☆ 鳩が空に舞い上がった ⇨ Doves flew toward the sky
に [に] [には] [に＋は] meaning: to rank: 1
☆ それは私には関係無い ⇨ That has no relation to me, nothing to do with me
☆ 彼女には言わないほうが良い ⇨ It is better you don’t tell her (if not others)
に [に] meaning: with rank: 1
☆ 彼は自信に溢れている ⇨ He is brimming with confidence
☆ 彼女は才能に恵まれている ⇨ She is blessed with talents
に [に] [liter] meaning: because rank: 2
☆ レースはドーピング疑惑に揺れた ⇨ The race was shaken up by a doping allegation
☆ 彼の顔が苦痛に歪んだ ⇨ His face contorted with pain
☆ 彼女は腎臓の病気に苦しんでいる ⇨ She is struggling with a kidney ailment
に [に] [liter] meaning: indeed rank: 2
☆ 待ちに待った日がやっと訪れた ⇨ The day I waited and waited finally arrived
☆ 海は荒れに荒れている ⇨ The sea is extremely rough
☆ 議会は揉めに揉めている ⇨ The congress is in a total chaos
に [に] [liter] meaning: even if rank: 3
☆ 今更止めるに止められない ⇨ At this point we can’t stop even if we want to (☛ Can’t do even if you want to)
☆ 聞くに聞けないような質問 ⇨ Questions you want to ask but can’t (☛ Can’t do even if you want to)
► 終助詞
に [に] [coll] [junior] meaning: sarcasm rank: 3
☆ だから止めておけと言ったろうに ⇨ That’s why I told you not to do it
に [に] [liter] meaning: wish rank: 3
☆ 私にあんな親がいたらどんなに良かっただろうに ⇨ How great it would’ve been if I had had parents like that
► 名詞
荷 [に] [荷が重い] [liter] meaning: burden rank: 3
☆ その仕事は彼には少し荷が重過ぎる ⇨ That work is a little too heavy, difficult, for him
► 接尾辞
似 [に] meaning: resemble rank: 3
☆ 彼女は母親似だ ⇨ She resembles her mother
► 接頭辞
二 [に] meaning: two rank: 1
☆ うちには車が二台ある ⇨ We have two cars
☆ その映画は二回見た ⇨ I watched the movie twice
☆ 林檎が二個ある ⇨ There are two apples
More examples:
- 試してみない事には分からない ⇨ You never know unless you try
- 彼は王に反逆した ⇨ He rebelled against the king
- 彼はいつも上司におべっかを使っている ⇨ He is always brown-nosing his boss
- 彼は貧しい人に優越感を感じている ⇨ He feels he is superior than poor people
- あの店は九時に閉店する ⇨ That store closes at 9
- 彼は親に楽をさせるために頑張っている ⇨ He is working hard to give comfortable life to his parents
- 姑に子供の育て方について嫌味を言われた ⇨ My mother-in-law made some unpleasant comments about how I raise my kids
- 部屋は滅茶苦茶に散らかっていた ⇨ The room was a complete mess. Things were strewn everywhere in the room
- 戦車が敵陣に進行した ⇨ The tanks advanced into the enemy territory
- 日本は欧米にくらべて自殺が多い ⇨ There are more suicides in Japan compared with US and Europe
- うちの隣にコンビニが有る ⇨ There’s a convenience store next to my house
- 彼等は新製品を続々と市場に投入した ⇨ They launched new products into the market one after another
- 夜食にラーメンを食べた ⇨ I had ramen for late-night snack
- 彼は今こちらに向かっている途中だ ⇨ He’s on his way here now
- 彼には悩みを相談する人が誰もいない ⇨ He has nobody to talk to when he has a problem